| Manufacturer | Subaru |
|---|---|
| Production | 1971-1994 |
| Assembly | Ōta, Gunma, Japan |
| Predecessor | Subaru 1000 |
| Successor | Subaru Impreza |
| Class | compact |
The Subaru Leone was a compact car produced by the Japanese car manufacturer Fuji Heavy Industries from 1971 to 1994. The word "leone" is Italian for lion.
It was released as a replacement to the Subaru 1000 and was the predecessor to the Subaru Impreza. All Leones were powered by the Subaru EA boxer engine. Most cars were equipped with optional four-wheel drive.
Although released in Japan and some export markets as the Leone, for many years, this was the only vehicle sold internationally by Subaru where the smaller kei cars Rex, Vivio, R-2, 360 and Sambar were not sold or considered road legal. As a result in major markets such as Australia, Europe and North America, it was instead identified with a trim level designation, some of which included: DL, GL, GLF, GLF5, GL-10, and RX. This means the car is often referred to simply as the Subaru GL or the Subaru L-Series.
Contents |
| Also called | Subaru 1400 Subaru 1600 |
|---|---|
| Production | 1971-1981 |
| Body style | 2-door hardtop coupé 2-door sedan 4-door sedan 5-door station wagon 2-door pickup truck |
| Layout | front-wheel drive All-wheel drive optional |
| Engine | 1.4 L EA63 H4 OHV 1.6 L EA71 H4 OHV |
| Transmission | 4-speed manual 5-speed manual 3-speed automatic |
| Wheelbase | 2,455 mm (96.7 in) |
| Length | 3,995 mm (157.3 in) |
| Width | 1,500 mm (59.1 in) |
| Height | 1,385 mm (54.5 in) |
| Curb weight | 775 kg (1,710 lb) |
The first generation Leone was released on October 7, 1971 as a front-wheel drive coupé, with trim levels DL, GL and GSR. April 1972 saw the introduction of the 2 and 4-door sedans with trim levels DL, GL and in Japan, the Super Touring. In September 1972 the four-wheel drive (4WD) station wagon was released, however it did not appear in the United States until 1974 as a 1975 model. Up until this time four-wheel drive had been limited mainly to off-road vehicles for special use. Subaru broke this pattern by introducing a mass-produced four-wheel drive passenger car. This was easily Subaru's most notable feature during the 1970s and 1980s. The Leone competed with the Toyota Corolla, Nissan Sunny, Honda Civic, and the Mitsubishi Lancer. The Leone introduced a long established Subaru tradition of frameless side windows for all models.
In August 1968, Subaru entered into an alliance with Nissan Motors. The appearance of the new Leone was influenced by the design efforts from Nissan, most notably the long hood and short trunk appearance that Nissan was using at that time for their own products. The 1400 RX coupe was one of the first Japanese automobiles to be equipped with 4 wheel disc brakes. The 2-door hardtop was introduced in June 1973 and a 4WD sedan in 1975.
The Leone was originally equipped with a 1.4 L and later a 1.6 L, flat-4, carbureted, OHV engine. They were available with a 4-speed manual transmission, 5-speed manual transmission or a 3-speed automatic transmission beginning in 1975. Some early models had duo-servo drum brakes at the front however, later models were equipped with disc brakes. All models originally had rear drum brakes except the RX coupes. Unusually, the handbrake or emergency brake operated on the front wheels.
The Leone was first introduced to the United States of America in 1972 and 1973 in Australia and New Zealand, with cars imported fully assembled from Japan. In 1976 the EA63 engine was replaced with the EA71 engine. The EA71 engine was originally installed in cars equipped with automatic transmission but eventually supplanted the EA63 across the entire range of vehicles in the USA and Australia.
A print add for the 1973 Subaru GL coupe referred to the engine as "quadrozontal"[1]
In April 1977 an updated Leone range was released. All body panels were altered slightly and the overall look was 'smoother' and more contemporary in appearance. A completely new dashboard with altered interior were also part of the update. Despite these changes the overall effect was similar to the earlier version and mechanically identical, with the exception of the rear track which was widened by 40mm.
This model line was assembled from CKD kits in New Zealand by importer Motor Holdings' Waitara plant near New Plymouth.
Late in 1977 saw the introduction of the Subaru BRAT as a 1978 model. This was a two-seater with a pickup truck bed based on the Leone platform. The original brat was updated in 1981 with a dual-range 4WD transmission and 1.8 L EA81 engine. This was sold alongside the second generation Leone introduced in 1979 until 1982.
| Production | 1979-1989 |
|---|---|
| Body style | 2-door coupé 4-door sedan 5-door station wagon 2-door pickup truck 3-door hatchback |
| Layout | front-wheel drive four-wheel drive optional |
| Engine | 1.6 L H4 OHV EA71 1.8 L H4 OHV EA81 1.8 L Turbo H4 OHV EA81 |
| Transmission | 3-speed automatic 4-speed manual 5-speed manual |
| Wheelbase | 2,370 mm (93.3 in) |
| Length | 3,980 mm (156.7 in) |
| Width | 1,620 mm (63.8 in) |
| Height | 1,415 mm (55.7 in) |
| Curb weight | 930 kg (2,100 lb) |
In June 1979 the Leone saw its first complete model update. This generation was released with a two-door hardtop coupe, four-door sedan, station wagon and a three-door hatchback. The United States did not see this generation until 1980.
New for this generation was a dual-range four-speed 4WD transmission with both hi and lo range gearing. In November 1981 Subaru introduced Japan's first all-wheel-drive vehicle with an automatic transmission, utilizing the world's first "wet hydraulic multi-plate clutch". This allowed the driver to engage 4WD with a simple push of a button rather than shifting a lever as in the manual models. The electric switch activated a solenoid that pushed the clutch plates together, thereby engaging the driveshaft to the rear whells.
A new 1.8 L EA81 engine was added in 1980. In November 1983, a turbocharger with optional multi-port fuel injection was also added to the BRAT and Turbo Wagon models. They were only available with an automatic transmission and 3.70:1 gearing. In Japan the top-spec 1800 GTS sedan was the first Subaru to offer air conditioning, power windows, and power steering.
This generation of hatchback and BRAT were made alongside the 3rd generation offerings until 1987 for the BRAT, and 1989 for the hatchback. All other 2nd generation models were discontinued by 1985.
In the USA, up-level trim vehicles could be identified by having four headlights installed in the grille, whereas economy models had two headlights.
The Subaru BRAT (an acronym for Bi-drive Recreational All-terrain Transporter) was a pickup version of the Subaru Leone introduced in 1977. The BRAT was developed directly from the company's four-wheel drive station wagon model and was first introduced as a 1978 model — following the concept of coupe utilities such as the Chevrolet El Camino and the Ford Ranchero. The Brat was also known as Brumby, MV or Shifter depending on where it was sold.
American versions also had carpeting and welded-in rear-facing jumpseats in the cargo area — serving actually to circumvent a tariff known as the Chicken tax. Although the BRAT could fairly be called a truck, the plastic seats in the cargo bed allowed Subaru to classify the BRAT as a passenger car. Passenger cars imported into the US were charged only a 2.5% tariff, compared to 25% on light trucks.
The BRAT was restyled in 1981 and the jumpseats were discontinued after the 1985 model year. The BRAT was introduced with a rise in popularity of small trucks being sold in the USA, primarily from Toyota, Nissan, and Mazda. Production continued into 1993 but ceased to be imported to North America in 1987. It was also known as the Brumby in Australia and the Shifter in the UK. Imports to Europe, Australia, and New Zealand continued until February 1994. The BRAT wasn't sold in Japan and was manufactured for export markets.
All BRATs had four-wheel drive and the Subaru EA engine. Early models received a 1.6L EA-71 whereas 1981 and later models received a 1.8 L EA-81 engine. 1983 and 1984 models could be purchased with an optional 94 hp (70 kW) turbocharged engine. Manual transmissions were standard on all models and an automatic transmission was available on turbocharged BRATs. 1980 and earlier models had a single-range transfer case, while 1981 and later GL models had a dual range transfer case (DLs still had single range) and all turbocharged models were equipped with an automatic transmission with single range push-button four-wheel drive.
In 2003, Subaru tried this approach again but with four doors on the second generation Subaru Outback platform called the Subaru Baja.
| Also called | Subaru DL/GL Subaru Loyale Subaru Omega Subaru L-Series Subaru GL-10 Subaru RX Isuzu Geminett II |
|---|---|
| Production | 1984–1994 |
| Body style | 3-door hatchback coupé 4-door sedan 5-door station wagon |
| Layout | Front-wheel drive 4WD on Demand All-Wheel Drive (4WD Full Time) |
| Engine | 1.3 L EA65 OHV H4 1.6 L EA71 OHV H4 1.8 L EA82 SOHC H4 1.8 L EA82T H4 Turbo SOHC |
| Transmission | 3-speed automatic 4-speed automatic 4-speed manual 5-speed manual 5-speed Dual Range manual with Differential Lock |
| Wheelbase | 2,470 mm (97.2 in) (sedan) |
| Length | 4,435 mm (174.6 in) (sedan) |
| Width | 1,660 mm (65.4 in) |
| Height | 1,335 mm (52.6 in) (2WD sedan) |
| Curb weight | 1,060 kg (2,300 lb) (RX) |
On July 16, 1984, the Leone saw its second major redesign. This generation was released with a three-door hatchback, four-door sedan and a continuation of the popular station wagon body style. This generation Leone made its way to the United States in 1985.
In Europe, the range was 1.3 DL, 1.6 DL, 1.6 GL, 1.8 DL and 1.8 GL 4WD. The sedan versions were offered until 1992 when the range was reduced to wagons only for 1993. Not all versions were offered in all countries.
In North America, the 1.6-liter engine was dropped completely from the lineup, due to its lack of power. The 48-kilowatt (65 hp) 1.3 was only available in select markets.[2]
A new 1.8-liter SOHC engine, EA-82 was offered instead of the OHV 1.8-liter Flat-4 engine. The engine was available with a carburetor, single point fuel injection, multi-port fuel injection, or multi-port fuel injection with a turbocharger.
From 1985 this generation saw the availability of a full-time 4WD manual transmission or a full-time 4WD four-speed electronically-controlled automatic transmission.
The RX 3-door hatchback is comparatively rare as only 2600 units were made during its 1987 to 1989 production run. Very few remain operational today. It can be recognized by a rear wing, factory ground effects kit and white paint with white wheels. Most RXs were white. The RX was equipped with the EA82T turbo engine, as found in the XT Vortex mated to a five speed manual transmission. The drivetrain featured a 3.70:1 rear Limited Slip Differential as well as a locking center differential and two speed transfer case. The gearbox also featured a 1.592:1 low range activated via a center console mounted lever. Other characteristics were; rally tuned suspension, four wheel disc brakes, power windows, A/C, central locking, power sunroof, adjustable seats and steering wheel, split fold-down rear seats, full indicative panel, Hill Holder and 1,070 kg (2,359 lb) of weight. 1989 marked the end of the production run for the RX.
Other options (Standard and Optional) found in the Leone 3rd generation were a full digital instrument panel; self diagnostic computer, travel computer, cruise control and pneumatic suspension with selectable height.
From September 1989, the van version was also provided to Isuzu as the "Geminett II" under an OEM deal.
By 1990 the Leone name continued to be used in Japan but was now known as the Loyale in Chile, the United States and Canada, the L-Series in Europe and Australia and as the Omega in New Zealand where the third generation was the last to be assembled locally by Motor Holdings at Waitara. The popularity of the Leone wagon was ceded to the new, larger, Legacy wagon in 1989 and was ultimately replaced by the Impreza in 1994. The Impreza was introduced with a 'hatch like' wagon which was reminiscent of the first and second generation Leone wagons.
August 1994, the Subaru Leone was a badge engineered version of the Nissan AD van for light commercial uses until model year 2001.
Subaru Rally Team Japan led by Noriyuki Koseki (founder of Subaru Tecnica International STI) ran Subaru Leone coupé, sedan DL and RX Turbo in the World Rally Championship between 1980 and 1989 a few rallies per season.[3] Drivers for individual rallies included Ari Vatanen, Per Eklund, Shekhar Mehta, Mike Kirkland, Possum Bourne, Harald Demut and Chilean driver Jose Antonio Celsi. Mike Kirkland finished 6th overall and won the A Group at the 1986 Safari Rally. That year Subaru was one of the only manufacturers combining 4WD and turbo.[4] Jose Antonio Celsi finished eight in the 1986 Marlboro Rally Argentina and fifth in the 1988 Marlboro Rally Argentina. During 1989 Subaru entry two works RX Turbo for Jose Antonio Celsi and Possum Bourne. Celsi finished fourth, but retired on the final road section and Bourne retired during the first stage. Subaru changed the rally model to Legacy RS for the 1990-1992 period and took part in the first complete season in the World Rally Championship with the same model in 1993.
Leone (3rd Generation) RX Rally Specs (Sedan & Coupe):
Activity: (1985–1989)
Power @ rpm: 190 bhp (142 kW; 193 PS) at 6500
Torque @ rpm: 230 N·m (170 lb·ft) at 5200
Length Width Height: 4370 mm 1660 mm 1425 mm
Weight (kg/BPM Ratio): 1060 (0)
Transmission: 4x4 Fulltime
Engine Type: H4 Boxer SOHC x 2
Engine Position: Boxer Turbocharged
Engine Capacity: 1781 cc
Engine Bore: 92 mm (3.6 in)
Engine Stroke: 67 mm (2.6 in)
Engine Compression: 7.6:1
Engine Valves: 8
Engine Carburation: Electronic Multi-Point
Turbo: IHI
Body Doors: 2 (Coupe) or 4 (Sedan)
Body Type: Coupe and Sedan
Brakes: Ventilated disks
Fuel Tank: 60 L (16 US gal; 13 imp gal)
Assembly (history of New Zealand car assembly industry) by Mark Webber